UN Core Treaties
The core human rights treaties set international standards for the protection and promotion of human rights to which Pakistan has subscribed by becoming a party to the treaties through ratification. There are 7 core international human rights conventions ratified by Pakistan which are linked with the GSP Plus tariff-free trade scheme granted to Pakistan by the EU.
International Convention the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 1965 and ratified by Pakistan in 1966. It is one of the core human rights treaties and aims to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and promote understanding and tolerance among all races and ethnic groups.
The ICERD defines racial discrimination as any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin that has the purpose or effect of impairing the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis.
The ICERD obligates states parties to take effective measures to prevent, prohibit, and eradicate racial discrimination in all areas of life, including in the fields of education, employment, housing, and access to public services. It also requires states parties to promote understanding and tolerance among all races and to adopt affirmative action measures to ensure the full and equal enjoyment of human rights by all persons.
The ICERD establishes a Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, which is composed of independent experts and is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the convention by states parties. The committee reviews periodic reports submitted by states parties and issues recommendations and general comments on the implementation of the convention.
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Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 1989 and ratified by Pakistan in 1990. It is a legally binding international instrument that sets out the rights and protections that children are entitled to, regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, or any other status.
The CRC recognizes that children are individuals with their own rights and that they need special protection and care. It defines a child as any person under the age of 18, unless national laws recognize an earlier age of majority.
The CRC outlines a range of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights that are essential for the full development of every child, including the right to life, survival, and development; the right to participate in decisions that affect their lives; the right to education and healthcare; and the right to be protected from abuse, neglect, and exploitation.
The CRC also recognizes the importance of family and community in the well-being of children and obligates states parties to take measures to support families in providing a safe and nurturing environment for children. It also requires states parties to take steps to prevent and respond to violence, exploitation, and abuse of children, including trafficking, child labor, and child marriage.
The CRC establishes a Committee on the Rights of the Child, which is composed of independent experts and is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the convention by states parties. The committee reviews periodic reports submitted by states parties and issues recommendations and general comments on the implementation of the convention.
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Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 1979 and ratified by Pakistan in 1996. It is a legally binding international instrument that aims to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and promote gender equality worldwide.
CEDAW defines discrimination against women as “any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.”
CEDAW obligates state parties to take all necessary measures to eliminate discrimination against women in all areas of life, including education, employment, health care, political participation, and access to justice. It also requires state parties to take steps to eliminate harmful practices such as child marriage, female genital mutilation, and violence against women.
CEDAW establishes a Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, which is composed of independent experts and is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the convention by state parties. The committee reviews periodic reports submitted by state parties and issues recommendations and general comments on the implementation of the convention.
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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 1966 and ratified by Pakistan in 2008. It is one of the core human rights treaties and recognizes the right of everyone to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, education, and an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing, and housing.
The ICESCR obligates states parties to take steps to progressively realize economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the right to work, the right to social security, the right to education, and the right to participate in cultural life. It requires states parties to take measures to ensure that these rights are enjoyed without discrimination of any kind and to ensure that everyone has access to adequate resources to fulfill their basic needs.
The ICESCR also recognizes the importance of international cooperation in achieving the full realization of economic, social, and cultural rights and obligates states parties to cooperate with each other and with international organizations in this regard.
The ICESCR establishes a Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which is composed of independent experts and is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the covenant by states parties. The committee reviews periodic reports submitted by states parties and issues recommendations and general comments on the implementation of the covenant.
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 1966 and ratified by Pakistan in 2010. It is one of the core human rights treaties and recognizes the inherent dignity and worth of every individual and the equal and inalienable rights of all individuals.
The ICCPR obligates states parties to respect and ensure the civil and political rights of everyone within their jurisdiction, including the right to life, liberty, and security of person; the right to freedom of expression, assembly, and association; the right to due process of law and a fair trial; and the right to participate in the conduct of public affairs.
The ICCPR recognizes the right to self-determination, which includes the right of all peoples to pursue their economic, social, and cultural development and to freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources. It also prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, gender, religion, or any other status.
The ICCPR establishes a Human Rights Committee, which is composed of independent experts and is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the covenant by states parties. The committee reviews periodic reports submitted by states parties and issues recommendations and general comments on the implementation of the covenant.
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Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 1984 and ratified by Pakistan in 2010. It is a legally binding international instrument that aims to prevent and prohibit torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment worldwide.
The convention defines torture as “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind.”
The convention obligates states parties to take effective measures to prevent and prohibit torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment in all circumstances, including in times of peace and conflict. It also requires states parties to investigate and prosecute allegations of torture and ensure that victims of torture have access to effective remedies and redress.
The convention prohibits the use of evidence obtained through torture and requires states parties to ensure that no one is returned to a country where there are substantial grounds to believe they would be at risk of torture.
The convention establishes a Committee against Torture, which is composed of independent experts and is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the convention by states parties. The committee reviews periodic reports submitted by states parties and issues recommendations and general comments on the implementation of the convention.
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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 2006 and ratified by Pakistan in 2011. It is a legally binding international instrument that recognizes the inherent dignity and worth of every individual and promotes the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by persons with disabilities.
The CRPD defines persons with disabilities as “those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.”
The CRPD obligates states parties to take effective measures to ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy their human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with others, including the right to education, employment, health care, and political participation. It requires states parties to eliminate discrimination and promote accessibility in all areas of life, including transportation, information, and communication.
The CRPD recognizes the importance of international cooperation in achieving the full realization of the rights of persons with disabilities and obligates states parties to cooperate with each other and with international organizations in this regard.
The CRPD establishes a Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which is composed of independent experts and is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the convention by states parties. The committee reviews periodic reports submitted by states parties and issues recommendations and general comments on the implementation of the convention.
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UN Optional Protocols
Pakistan has ratified the two Optional Protocols to the Convention.
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (CRC-OP-AC)
The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 2000 and ratified by Pakistan in 2016. It is a legally binding international instrument that aims to protect children from the harmful effects of armed conflict and prevent their involvement in hostilities.
The protocol obligates states parties to take all feasible measures to ensure that children under the age of 18 are not recruited or used in hostilities. It requires states parties to raise the minimum age for voluntary recruitment into their national armed forces to at least 18 years of age, and to take measures to prevent and criminalize the recruitment and use of children by non-state armed groups.
The protocol also obligates states parties to provide assistance for the physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of children who have been victims of armed conflict, and to take measures to prevent the abduction, sale, or trafficking of children for any purpose.
The protocol establishes a Committee on the Rights of the Child, which is composed of independent experts and is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the protocol by states parties. The committee reviews periodic reports submitted by states parties and issues recommendations and general comments on the implementation of the protocol.
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children child prostitution and child pornography (CRC-OP-SC)
The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 2000 and ratified by Pakistan in 2011. It is a legally binding international instrument that aims to protect children from exploitation and abuse, particularly in the context of the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography.
The protocol obligates states parties to take all necessary measures to prevent and prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography. It requires states parties to criminalize these practices and to provide appropriate penalties for those who engage in them. It also obligates states parties to provide assistance to child victims, including access to physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration services.
The protocol recognizes the importance of international cooperation in preventing and combating the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography, and obligates states parties to cooperate with each other and with international organizations in this regard.
The protocol establishes a Committee on the Rights of the Child, which is composed of independent experts and is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the protocol by states parties. The committee reviews periodic reports submitted by states parties and issues recommendations and general comments on the implementation of the protocol.
ILO Conventions
The ILO has set 188 Conventions since its inception. Out of these, eight conventions are termed as core labor standards as these are the fundamental human rights at work place. Pakistan has ratified 36 ILO conventions, including eight core conventions.
Core ILO Conventions ratified by Pakistan:
Forced Labor Convention (C29)
The Forced Labor Convention, also known as Convention No. 29, is a core International Labour Organization (ILO) treaty that was adopted in 1930 and ratified by Pakistan in 1957. It is one of the oldest and most widely ratified international human rights instruments, and remains a key instrument in the fight against forced labor.
The convention defines forced labor as “all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily”. It prohibits all forms of forced labor, including bonded labor, debt bondage, and labor imposed as a punishment for a crime.
The convention obligates states parties to take effective measures to prevent and eliminate forced labor, to provide for the protection of workers against forced labor, and to ensure that any persons who have been subjected to forced labor have access to appropriate remedies and compensation.
The convention also requires states parties to take measures to promote public awareness of the problem of forced labor and to ensure that information about the problem is disseminated to workers, employers, and the general public.
Freedom of Association and the Right to Organize Convention (C87)
The Freedom of Association and the Right to Organize Convention, also known as Convention No. 87, is a core International Labour Organization (ILO) treaty that was adopted in 1948 and ratified by Pakistan in 1951. It is one of the most important international legal instruments protecting workers’ rights and promoting social justice.
The convention recognizes the right of workers and employers to form and join organizations of their own choosing, without prior authorization or interference from governmental authorities. This includes trade unions, employers’ organizations, and other associations that promote the interests of workers or employers.
The convention obligates states parties to take effective measures to ensure that workers and employers can exercise their right to freedom of association and the right to organize without fear of persecution, harassment, or discrimination. It also requires states parties to ensure that workers’ organizations are free from interference from employers and that employers’ organizations are free from interference from workers.
Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention (C98)
The Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention, also known as Convention No. 98, is a core International Labour Organization (ILO) treaty that was adopted in 1949 and ratified by Pakistan in 1952. It is one of the most important international legal instruments protecting workers’ rights to organize and bargain collectively.
The convention recognizes the right of workers and employers to establish and join organizations of their own choosing and to bargain collectively with employers. It obligates states parties to take effective measures to protect workers and employers from discrimination, intimidation, or other forms of interference in exercising their right to organize and bargain collectively.
The convention also requires states parties to promote voluntary collective bargaining as the preferred method of regulating terms and conditions of employment and to ensure that employers and workers can engage in collective bargaining without fear of retaliation or discrimination.
Equal Remuneration Convention (C100)
The Equal Remuneration Convention, also known as Convention No. 100, is a core International Labour Organization (ILO) treaty that was adopted in 1951 and ratified by Pakistan in 2001. It is one of the most important international legal instruments promoting gender equality and non-discrimination in the workplace.
The convention requires states parties to ensure that men and women receive equal remuneration for work of equal value. It obligates states parties to take effective measures to eliminate discrimination on the basis of sex with respect to wages and to ensure that employers provide equal pay to men and women for work of equal value.
The convention defines remuneration broadly to include all forms of payment, including salaries, bonuses, allowances, and other benefits, and requires states parties to ensure that all such payments are free from discrimination on the basis of sex.
Abolition of Forced Labor Convention (C105)
The Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, also known as Convention No. 105, is a core International Labour Organization (ILO) treaty that was adopted in 1957 and ratified by Pakistan in 1960. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at eliminating forced labor in all its forms.
The convention defines forced labor as “all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily”. It obligates states parties to take all necessary measures to prevent and abolish all forms of forced or compulsory labor.
The convention requires states parties to ensure that no person is subjected to forced labor or trafficking in persons for the purpose of forced labor. It also obligates states parties to take measures to identify and protect victims of forced labor, and to ensure that they have access to appropriate remedies and compensation.
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (C111)
The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, also known as Convention No. 111, is a core International Labour Organization (ILO) treaty that was adopted in 1958 and ratified by Pakistan in 1961. It is one of the most important international legal instruments promoting equal opportunities and non-discrimination in employment and occupation.
The convention obligates states parties to eliminate discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction, or social origin in the field of employment and occupation. It requires states parties to take effective measures to prevent and eliminate discrimination in all its forms, including direct and indirect discrimination and harassment.
The convention recognizes that discrimination in employment and occupation can limit economic and social development, and obligates states parties to take measures to promote equal opportunities and to ensure that all workers have access to fair and decent employment.
The convention also requires states parties to adopt and implement policies and programs to promote equality of opportunity and treatment in employment and occupation, and to ensure that workers are informed of their rights and protected against discrimination.
Minimum Age Convention (C138)
The Minimum Age Convention, also known as Convention No. 138, is a core International Labour Organization (ILO) treaty that was adopted in 1973 and ratified by Pakistan in 2006. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at protecting children from economic exploitation and promoting their education and development.
The convention sets the minimum age for admission to employment or work that is likely to harm the health, safety, or morals of young persons at 18 years, and obligates states parties to take measures to ensure that no person under that age is employed in such work.
Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention (C182)
The Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, also known as Convention No. 182, is a core International Labour Organization (ILO) treaty that was adopted in 1999 and ratified by Pakistan in 2001. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at protecting children from the worst forms of child labor, including slavery, forced labor, and trafficking, and promoting their education and development.
The convention recognizes that the worst forms of child labor are a violation of fundamental human rights and that they endanger the physical, mental, and moral development of children. It obligates states parties to take effective measures to eliminate the worst forms of child labor, including the use of children in forced or bonded labor, the recruitment of children for use in armed conflict, and the use of children for commercial sexual exploitation.
The convention also requires states parties to take measures to protect children from other hazardous forms of work that may interfere with their education or harm their health, safety, or moral development.
International Agreements
Pakistan has also ratified the following treaties (to maintain GSP Plus status):
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG)
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, also known as the Genocide Convention, is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 1948 and ratified by Pakistan in 1957. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at preventing and punishing the crime of genocide.
The convention defines genocide as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
- Killing members of the group;
- Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
- Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
- Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
- Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
- The convention obligates states parties to take effective measures to prevent and punish the crime of genocide, including by enacting domestic legislation to criminalize genocide and by cooperating with other states parties and international organizations in the prevention and punishment of genocide.
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (ICSPCA)
The International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid is a United Nations treaty that was adopted in 1973 and ratified by Pakistan in 1986. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at preventing and punishing the crime of apartheid, which is a form of institutionalized discrimination and segregation based on race or ethnicity.
The convention defines apartheid as “inhuman acts committed for the purpose of establishing and maintaining domination by one racial group of persons over any other racial group of persons and systematically oppressing them.” Such acts include, but are not limited to, measures such as segregation, the denial of basic human rights, and the systematic suppression of political, economic, and social rights.
The convention obligates states parties to take effective measures to prevent and punish the crime of apartheid, including by enacting domestic legislation to criminalize apartheid and by cooperating with other states parties and international organizations in the prevention and punishment of apartheid.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as CITES, is a global treaty that was adopted in 1973 and ratified by Pakistan in 1976. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at protecting endangered species of animals and plants from overexploitation due to international trade.
CITES regulates international trade in certain species of wild animals and plants through a system of permits and certificates. The treaty lists species that are threatened with extinction and prohibits or restricts their international trade, except in cases where the trade is deemed to be sustainable and not detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild.
The treaty also obligates states parties to take measures to regulate and monitor domestic trade in species listed under CITES and to ensure that such trade does not contribute to the overexploitation of the species.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty that was adopted in 1987 and ratified by Pakistan in 2005. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at protecting the Earth’s ozone layer from depletion caused by the use of certain man-made chemicals.
The Montreal Protocol requires states parties to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and halons. The treaty also obligates states parties to take measures to prevent illegal trade in these substances and to promote the development and use of alternative substances and technologies that do not harm the ozone layer.
Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal is an international treaty that was adopted in 1989 and ratified by Pakistan in 1994. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at protecting human health and the environment from the harmful effects of hazardous waste.
The Basel Convention obligates states parties to regulate the transboundary movement of hazardous waste, including its generation, transportation, storage, and disposal. The treaty aims to prevent the dumping of hazardous waste in developing countries, where environmental regulations may be weak or nonexistent, and to promote the environmentally sound management of hazardous waste.
The convention requires states parties to take measures to ensure that hazardous waste is managed in an environmentally sound manner, and to establish a system of prior informed consent for the import and export of hazardous waste. It also obligates states parties to ensure that hazardous waste is disposed of in an environmentally sound manner, including through the use of the best available technologies and the reduction of waste generation at the source.
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international treaty that was adopted in 1992 and ratified by Pakistan in 1994. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at promoting the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
The CBD recognizes the intrinsic value of biodiversity and the importance of its conservation for the continued well-being of human societies and the planet. The convention obligates states parties to take measures to conserve and sustainably use biological diversity, including the protection of ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity.
The convention also obligates states parties to ensure that the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources are shared fairly and equitably, particularly with indigenous and local communities who have traditional knowledge of biodiversity.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that was adopted in 1992 and ratified by Pakistan in 1994. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at addressing the issue of climate change and promoting global cooperation in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to its impacts.
The UNFCCC recognizes that climate change is a global problem that requires a global solution. The convention obligates states parties to take measures to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety (CBD)
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international treaty that was adopted in 2000 and ratified by Pakistan in 2009. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at protecting biodiversity and human health from the potential risks posed by the transboundary movement of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
The Cartagena Protocol obligates states parties to regulate the import, export, and transit of GMOs, and to ensure that such activities are conducted in a manner that minimizes the risks to biodiversity and human health. The protocol requires states parties to conduct a risk assessment prior to the transboundary movement of GMOs, and to obtain prior informed consent from the importing country before any such movement takes place.
The protocol also obligates states parties to establish a national biosafety framework, which includes measures for the identification, assessment, and management of risks posed by GMOs. The framework should also include mechanisms for public participation and access to information related to GMOs.
Stockholm Convention on persistent Organic Pollutants
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is an international treaty that was adopted in 2001 and ratified by Pakistan in 2008. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at protecting human health and the environment from the harmful effects of certain chemicals that persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in the food chain.
The Stockholm Convention obligates states parties to take measures to eliminate or restrict the production, use, and release of POPs, which include chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furans. The treaty also obligates states parties to identify and manage stockpiles of POPs and to promote the use of alternative substances and technologies that do not harm human health or the environment.
Kyoto Protocol to be United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that was adopted in 1997 as an extension of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and ratified by Pakistan in 2005. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at addressing the issue of climate change and promoting global cooperation in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol obligates developed countries that have ratified the protocol to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by a specified amount from 1990 levels, and to report on their progress in meeting their targets. The protocol also established a flexible market-based mechanism, known as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which allows developed countries to offset their emissions by investing in emission reduction projects in developing countries.
United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (C61)
The United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international treaty that was adopted in 1961 and ratified by Pakistan in 1999. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at regulating the production, distribution, and use of narcotic drugs, including opium, morphine, and cocaine.
The Single Convention obligates states parties to control narcotic drugs in accordance with the provisions of the treaty, and to prevent their abuse and diversion for illicit purposes. The treaty requires states parties to establish strict controls on the cultivation, production, and distribution of narcotic drugs, and to limit their use to medical and scientific purposes.
The Single Convention also includes provisions for international cooperation in the control of narcotic drugs, including the exchange of information and the provision of technical assistance to states parties.
United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances
The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances is an international treaty that was adopted in 1971 and ratified by Pakistan in 1977. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at regulating the production, distribution, and use of psychotropic substances, which include drugs such as LSD, MDMA, and amphetamines.
The Convention obligates states parties to control psychotropic substances in accordance with the provisions of the treaty, and to prevent their abuse and diversion for illicit purposes. The treaty requires states parties to establish strict controls on the production, distribution, and use of psychotropic substances, and to limit their use to medical and scientific purposes.
The Convention also includes provisions for international cooperation in the control of psychotropic substances, including the exchange of information and the provision of technical assistance to states parties.
United Nations Convention against illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is an international treaty that was adopted in 1988 and ratified by Pakistan in 1991. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at combating the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
The Convention obligates states parties to take measures to prevent and combat the illicit cultivation, production, manufacturing, distribution, and sale of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as the diversion of precursor chemicals used in their production. The treaty also requires states parties to cooperate with each other in the investigation and prosecution of drug-related crimes, including the extradition of drug traffickers.
The Convention includes provisions for the seizure and confiscation of illicit drugs and proceeds from drug trafficking, as well as for the international cooperation in the control of money laundering and other financial activities related to drug trafficking.
United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)
The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) is an international treaty that was adopted in 2003 and ratified by Pakistan in 2007. It is one of the most important international legal instruments aimed at combating corruption and promoting good governance around the world.
The UNCAC obligates states parties to prevent and combat corruption, including bribery, embezzlement, and abuse of power. The treaty requires states parties to establish effective legal and institutional frameworks for the prevention and prosecution of corruption, and to promote transparency, accountability, and integrity in the public and private sectors.
The UNCAC also includes provisions for international cooperation in the prevention and prosecution of corruption, including the extradition of corrupt officials and the recovery of assets derived from corruption.